Drug Identification with Gas Chromatography Mass S Essay Example For Students

Medication Identification with Gas Chromatography Mass S Essay pectrometryDrugs are utilized ordinarily by individuals from various perspectives for a wide range of reasons. Medication testing has gotten a standard in pre-business testing, as a result of the wide assortment of medication use in todays society. Medications tried for by a potential manager incorporate Cocaine (break), Amphetamines (precious stone), Opiates (codeine, morphine, heroin), PCP (phencyclidine), and Marijuana. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry is utilized to test hair and pee tests of conceivable medication abusers or occupation candidates, and it is the best strategy for the testing of medication use. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry are two unique techniques for recognizing synthetic substances, and the two instruments have be coupled together to play out a profoundly corresponding logical capacity. The gas chromatograph and the mass spectrometer have speculations behind how their strategies work, and explicit measurable applications for their instrumentation. The history and hypothesis of the gas chromatography began once again forty years prior with the innovation of the slender segment. The gas chromatograph offers quick and exceptionally high-goals partitions of an extremely wide scope of mixes, with the main limitation that the broke down substance needs to have adequate instability. The hypothesis behind the mass spectrometer is to utilize the distinction in mass-to-charge proportion (m/e) of ionized particles or atoms to isolate them from one another. Mass spectrometry is in this way helpful for quantitation of iotas or particles and furthermore for deciding synthetic and auxiliary data about atoms. Atoms have unmistakable discontinuity designs that give auxiliary data to recognize basic segments. The blend of the gas chromatograph and mass spectrometer is simple, on the grounds that both instrument should be changed in abundance and both are dissected in the gas stage and have practically identical example levels and temperature ranges. The ! most significant component of the tw o instruments being coupled is that they perform corresponding explanatory functions.The instrumentation of the gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer is extremely intricate. The instruments parts incorporate an injector, a transporter gas, a section, a separator, an ionization source, mass separator, and a particle indicator. The injector is situated on the gas chromatograph and is the place the example gas is infused into the instrument to begin the procedure. The example gas is then blended in with a bearer gas, which is the versatile stage in gas chromatography. The blend continues into the hairlike section where the division of the example starts. The slender segment is 15 to 60 meters long and . 25 to .75 millimeters in measurement. Once through the slim segment the now isolated example enters the separator. The separator associates the gas chromatograph with the mass spectrometer, and isolates the transporter gas from the isolated segments of the blend. The example presently enters the mass spectrometers ionization source where the example atoms are divided and made into! decidedly charged particles by high shaft electrons. The divided emphatically charged particles presently go through the mass separator, which is an attractive field. The mass separator secludes the divided example into their masses. The disengaged masses are perused by a particle identifier and afterward showed as a mass chromatogram. A mass chromatograph is a chart of particle m/e bounty corresponding to time. The gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer or GC/MS delivers a mass chromatogram of a substance that demonstrations like a unique mark for a compound substance. The possibility that a GC/MS delivers a unique mark for a compound substance makes this instrument an exceptionally alluring choice when testing for tranquilize recognizable proof, and testing individuals for sedate use. Criminological researchers discover a medications distinguishing proof by utilizing a GC/MS, and utilize the mass chromatogram in correlation with the test aftereffects of another obscure mass chromatogram. On the off chance that the two mass chromatograms coordinate, at that point the tried synthetic substance is that medicate it was coordinated against. Another application is utilizing a GC/MS and testing hair or pee tests of individuals to decide whether the subject uses drugs. Medications tried for might incorporate such notable medications as Cocaine (split), Amphetamines (gem), Opiates (codeine, morphine, heroin), PCP (phencyclidine), and Marijuana. Today, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry has become the head strategy for divisions and investigation of medications. .u5d4051eb49297544f3e42de7cffbc1d3 , .u5d4051eb49297544f3e42de7cffbc1d3 .postImageUrl , .u5d4051eb49297544f3e42de7cffbc1d3 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u5d4051eb49297544f3e42de7cffbc1d3 , .u5d4051eb49297544f3e42de7cffbc1d3:hover , .u5d4051eb49297544f3e42de7cffbc1d3:visited , .u5d4051eb49297544f3e42de7cffbc1d3:active { border:0!important; } .u5d4051eb49297544f3e42de7cffbc1d3 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u5d4051eb49297544f3e42de7cffbc1d3 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u5d4051eb49297544f3e42de7cffbc1d3:active , .u5d4051eb49297544f3e42de7cffbc1d3:hover { obscurity: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u5d4051eb49297544f3e42de7cffbc1d3 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .u5d4051eb49297544f3e42de7cffbc1d3 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-adornment: underline; } .u5d4051eb49297544f3e42de7cffbc1d3 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u5d4051eb49297544f3e42de7cffbc1d3 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enrichment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5d4051eb49297544f3e42de7cffbc1d3:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u5d4051eb49297544f3e42de7cf fbc1d3 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u5d4051eb49297544f3e42de7cffbc1d3-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u5d4051eb49297544f3e42de7cffbc1d3:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: David Nouhian December 21, 1998 Essay Employers will regularly test imminent representatives for sedate use. They test with either hair or pee tests of the imminent representative, and run the sample(s) through a GC/MS to decide whether the conceivable worker has utilized medications. They decide this by contrasting mass chromatograms of known medications and that of the test. The gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer is known as the best asset to demonstrate the recognizable proof of a synthetic substance, for example, a medication, on account of the mass chromatographs that demonstration like a unique mark of a compound substance.

Computer Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

PC Ethics - Essay Example Then again, when an individual holds a positive right, at that point, the correct considers others liable to act in regard of those rights towards the person. It is held that positive rights never appears, up until they are made through an agreement, which obliges a person to act with a particular goal in mind, as respects the other party engaged with the agreement (Westin, 1967). Under such formation of a constructive right, an individual is compelled by a sense of honor to satisfy some given commitments, towards the other individual, inability to which, he will have penetrated the agreement. For instance, a negative right happens where an association is upset from selling the properties of another, so as to pay for an obligation that the other association owes the first. Then again, a case of a positive right is the obligation held by an association to secure and think about the property of another association, as under an instance of receivership. There are two significant ways to deal with the insurance and protection of individual data. Under a free market see, organizations are permitted more opportunity to do what they need with individual data, with a desire that client will decided to enjoy with organizations regarding their protection (Mahan, 2001). Under the customer insurance see, it is necessitated that the administration advocates for severe norms that control the assurance of security of individual data (Sterba, 1998). In this way, there is no more noteworthy worry for mistakes gave by a credit department in free market see, as there is in customer insurance see. A case for namelessness on the web is that it permits a person to share felt that are dubious or thought unseemly for the traditionalist society, without the dread of being known. Another case for obscurity is that it permits individuals to pose specialized inquiries, which they would need to transparently announce they don't have the foggiest idea (Mahan, 2001). A body of evidence against namelessness is that it takes into account the maltreatment and

A Supposedly Fun Thing That Ill Probably Do Again

A Supposedly Fun Thing That I’ll Probably Do Again My first Fourth of July in Boston was spent on an inflatable 61-inch-long mattress in the middle of the Charles River, drifting underneath the hulls of pearl-white private yachts and Coast Guard patrol ships as I slowly succumbed to a four-hour soak in liquid described by writer Bernard DeVoto as foul and noisome, polluted by offal and industrious wastes, scummy with oil, unlikely to be mistaken for water. Might I provide an illustration of my less-than-seaworthy vessel? Crafted from “heavy duty” vinyl, deluxed out with a cupholder and five disco-colored stripes underneath a transparent plastic top, this nautical party ship cost all of $10.99 at the neighborhood Walgreens. (Notice the torso-sized hole through which the model blithely dangles the sub-knee portion of her legs as she splashes in crystal-colored, chlorinated pool water with an eye-watering smile blazing across her sunny visage. I duct taped a garbage bag around the hole because I didnt want my legs to be amputated by radioactive flesh-eating eels in the Charles River.) Generally, life-enriching businesses such as floating downstream on the busiest river in Boston during the busiest hours of the busiest night all year begins busily with the best idea ever; this one began with The Best Idea Ever. Literally: http://www.projectbestideaever.com One anonymous participant, describing the etymology of Project Best Idea Ever: “So I said, Why pay for a yacht when we can just make a giant flotilla of inflatable rafts with a hot dog grill in the center raft? and [name I dont remember] said, Thats a great idea! Then [other name I dont remember] said, No its not, its the best idea ever! So the name stuck.” The basic tenets of Project Best Idea Ever are: 1.Get rubber inflatable rafts. 2.Make rafts safe by Coast Guard standards by attaching glowsticks. (No kidding.) 3.Launch rafts onto the Charles River around 6 pm on July 4th. 4.Paddle downstream until gathered under the Harvard Bridge. Fire up a barbecue grill on the leader raft, cook meat, pass meat around in buns that have been fingered by an uncounted number of people before reaching your raft. 5.Wait until sundown, paddle further downstream in near pitch-black darkness until accidentally crossing the Do-Not-Cross line, then frantically paddle back lest a mammoth, explosives-laden barge mow down your raft like a rubber ducky in a bathtub of cats. 6.Lie back, watch more than 20,000 pounds of explosives detonate from the closest distance allowed by law. Approximately 95 people this year heard about Project Best Idea Ever and thought, “This sounds foolproof.” The deadline to register for PBIE happens to be June 28th; I happened to be making my Independence day plans at 7:30 pm on July 3rd. Someone once told me in kindergarten that I could do anything if I tried, so I ignored logical reason as I walked to Walgreens and bought the most river-friendly floatation device on sale, which happened to cost $10.99 and contain a manhole-sized hole for leg-dangling. The following evening, I hauled seacraft and safety gear (i.e., glowsticks) to the launch location under the Boston University bridge, where I grouped with Rod (unpictured) and Alorah (pictured) from pika. A nearby group from Olin substituted a pirate-themed kiddie pool for the standard grey PBIE-provided rafts. Something tells me that the steering wheel wasnt functional. A word about safety: it appears that the official requirement for a raft on the Charles after sundown is two glowsticks, yellow in front and red in back. In consideration of the dubious legality of the inflated mattress (Does it count as a raft? If so, which side is the front?), I decided to be extra careful and attached four glowsticks instead of two. This unwittingly turned out to be an act of foresight, since one of the glowsticks promptly dropped into the river and another was unreachable given the weight-balance confines of the mattress dimensions (meaning that I couldnt break it without falling overboard into the waiting tentacles of a flesh-eating eel). In the interest of survival, I also carried along a backpack with a flashlight, a headlamp, extra batteries (all of which were the wrong voltage, I later discovered), leggings, a towel, a granola bar, and some hummus. Everything except the last two items were completely useless during the journey; the granola bar and hummus rescued me from suppering on a hot dog three steps removed from direct contact with the Charles*. *Charles River ‚Üí boat paddle ‚Üí peoples hands ‚Üí hot dog. At 7:00 pm: Mattress inflated- check Leg-hole covered- check Glowsticks duct-taped- check Life-jacket secured- check Paddles attached- hang on, what paddles? I had no paddles. Luckily, Rod had rope, so the 61-inch Royal Deluxe was florescently hitched to Rod and Alorahs raft. Whereupon I lingered in a borrowed jacket 8 sizes too long and gazed proudly into the plastic soul of my reborn, re-safetified* raft. *safetify: vb, to make safe. Ex: “After crashing his first car into a maple tree, John cautiously decided to safetify its successor by covering the windshield in a plastic inflatable mattress and two glowsticks.” Meanwhile, Team Pirate Kiddie Pool ecstatically high-fived each other upon verifying that air-filled kiddie pools float without crumpling and doing the Titanic. Go team. *Ironically, there was one point later in the night when all the boats were attached together flotilla-style and someone realized that none of the rafts were anchored. It turns out that the only boat with an anchor was the Pirate Pool, whose members thusly saved all 95 of us from floating aimlessly to our watery deaths or the Boston Science Museum, whichever one comes first. With anxiety and anticipation clogged in my throat like a soup of strong medicine and butterflies, I nudged my raft off the measly crust of shore serving as a dock. Breathlessly, I looked down: it floats! Like, on top of water and everything! And the mattress wasnt even dissolving yet! Suspending all fear of an unplanned burial at sea, I piled limb by limb onto the raft and drifted off into the mirrored sunset as lines from Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness crept into my internal dialogue with river and sky. Polluted as the water may have been, it carried a dim loveliness in the fading July sunlight, winking brightly into my unprotected eyes and coquettishly spilling onto my raft until I was hopelessly drenched. Slowly I slipped into a comfortable intimacy with the asymmetrically rolling waves, sloshing the mattress to and fro like a cradle rocked by a babysitter with coughing fits. Extra props to Rod and Alorah are by now overdue. While I was snapping pictures and desperately avoiding thoughts of whatever liquid was scarily seeping through my coat pockets, Rod and Alorah were cheerfully paddling downstream, dragging my raft along like a dog with no legs and a manhole-sized hole in its underbelly. The 45-boat flotilla regrouped under the Harvard Bridge around 8 pm, inspiring no shortage of intrigued glances and cell phone photography from bridge-bound spectators. Grilling coals ignited; as promised, chili and hot dogs and certain American beverages were circulated boat-to-boat. We camped there for a few hours, exhausting the possible modes of entertainment provided by a beach ball and 80+ paddles. Matt Ritter turned out to be the Pete Sampras of paddleball*, which would have made me proud except that every successful volley resulted in droplets of Charles River pinging against my forehead. *Played exactly as it sounds. Disappointingly, Im not an athletic person when confined to a 5 x 3 rectangle that flips over if I try to move too fast; like all good losers, I gave up and took a nap. When I awoke, the raft was again drifting, vaguely directionless in the half-dark. Every cell in my body from the kneecaps down was jellified in a wet, cold numbness. Ships loomed overhead, sometimes looming perilously-close-to-head, imposing as like nautical tanks but far more yuppie-ish. I could have scraped the side of this one with my earlobe. Around 10 pm, someone in our archipelago of grey rubber realized that we were too close to the barges that were about to set off the fireworks. Paddles scrambled to scoop us back to observation distance instead of gunpowder-blasting-into-your-eyes distance; successful, we roped the rafts together and waited like impatient kindergarteners during a PBS fundraiser telethon. Minutes inched by like glaciers. Breaths lingered in the chilled summer sky while I achieved inner peace with the ickiness in which I was physically, now spiritually immersed. At 10:35 pm, the sky cracked open like a ripe melon, dark and sweet with gunpowder. Jagged harpoons of light pierced behind my eyes; the nether ends of my ears gulped with explosion after explosion. Each pop of hot white sparks sizzled impossibly close to my face, close enough to spill into my skull and shake the neurons into a caffeinated state of overstimulation. With it came the joyous, childlike blankness of a successful lobotomy; waves and ship, moon and skyline were obliterated in 100 tons of explosives crunched into 21 minutes of innumerable heartbeats. (None of the pictures were taken with zoom.) Floating in a feathery, fiery lightness, riffed by gentle ripples of cold water, I silently vowed to bring a wetsuit next year.

The Differences Between Science And Religion - 913 Words

Often claims are made that science and religion are incompatible; the two cannot coexist as to believe in God contradicts scientific belief. To look at science and think of it in a completely separate field to religion is not true a true reflection of the relationship between the two. Science and religion overlap in several ways. They both affect our everyday decisions and impact on the way we view and understand the world around us. They both address ‘the same world, the same reality.’ just in different ways, looking at the world through a slightly different perspective. The two coincide in society and affect each in different ways. Over the years there has been conflict between science and religion through difference of opinion. Charles Darwin often depicted as a bearer of atheism is possibly most famous for his conflicting religious views over his theory of evolution. His ideas caused a lot of controversy, and still continue to do so to this day, because they almost go against religious ideas about how the world was created and how animals have evolved within it. Darwin’s theory of evolution states that the animals present today are as a result of a process of natural selection starting with simple life forms such as bacteria over 3 billion years ago. Through his theory Darwin presented a valid process which connected humanity with the animal world. The mechanism was so clear cut that humans could no longer deny the relationship with animals. There is concrete proofShow MoreRelatedThe Difference Between Science and Religion1630 Words   |  7 PagesScience has had a short life when compared to religion. Yet weve seen civilizations better themselves a thousandfold since hands unclasped, grabbed scie ntific instruments and started measuring the world. Is science some form of new religion? Or is science different from religion? Debates of this matter have been common since the dawn of science. Articles on their differences, similarities and clashings have crept up on society and affected everyone in the western civilization. Most recently, religiousRead MoreThe Major Difference Between Religion And Science1493 Words   |  6 PagesScience and religion have always been on opposing ends of the spectrum when it comes to most issues. This is most evident in the long running dispute between creationists and evolutionists about the origins of life. Evolutionists believe in evolution through natural selection, while creationists believe that the universe and all the life in it was formed by divine creation. This dispute started in the late 18th century and has only intensified as the years went on. 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During the debate on, Does Science Refutes God?, it is well seen that science can overthrow the credibility of God because science has a lot of relevant studies and conclusions, but it certainly does not refute God. It is clearly seen that shermer and KrauzeRead MoreEmile Durkheim s The Elementary Forms Of The Religious Life1608 Words   |  7 Pagesexamines religion through a social viewpoint, while Claude Là ©vi-Strauss’s The Savage Mind compares modern and â€Å"primitive† thought. Although their topics of interest differ, both works similarly rely on science to explain their anthropologic theories. Science serves as a useful reference point, since it embodies modern mode of thinking with high objectivity. Therefore, these writers can expand on their analysis of other ways to perceive the world by comparing and contrasting with science. The relation sRead MoreComparing Religion And Science From A Sociological Viewpoint1478 Words   |  6 Pagescontrast religion with science from a sociological viewpoint. Is science just another form of religion, with people like physicist Stephen Hawking among its high priests or mullah? Are science and religions simply both similar social constructions? In your response to this question, specifically consider both how irrational social factors influence everything, and the relationship between faith and proof. First of all, There are a number of debates about the similarities and differences between religionRead MoreScience And Religion755 Words   |  4 PagesAre science and religion related? If so, how are they related? What is the importance of them in human lives? I believe, science and religion are related to each other. The relationship between them has been debated for several years. Science is linked to the material, while religion is worried about spirituality (Vikas, 2012). Humans depend on both religion and science not one or the other. In spite of being different from each other, science and religion are related and linked to each other. ScienceRead MoreThrough The Development Of Human History, Humans Gradually988 Words   |  4 Pageshuman history, humans gradually realize that Politics, Science, and Religion are three independent and equally competitive authorities. Also, the conflict between science and religion and that between politics and religion are much more severe than the conflict between science and politics. In this sense, because of the difference of those three authorities and the possibility of causing conflicts, it is more ideal not to twist science, religion, and politics together in the first place in societyRead MoreGender Differences Between Gender And Sex1334 Words   |  6 Pagesbut both. Due to different religions, influences, social structures, and expectations, people can be put into hiding and therefore never establish a distinct and accepted place in society. In the ongoing controversy, I believe society continues to make the transgender community and essentially any other difference in humanity an uncomfortable subject, which is easily converted to the individual being confused about their social identity or gender. The difference between gender and sex, accordingRead MoreScience Fiction and Fantasy1221 Words   |  5 PagesThe question is whether it is possible to distinguish between fantasy and true science fiction. I am reminded of the analogy, attributable I believe, to Theodore Sturgeon, of the elf ascending vertically the side of a brick wall. In a science fiction story the knees of the elf would be bent, his center of gravity thrown forward, his stocking cap hanging down his neck, with his feet quite possibly equipped with some form of suction cups. In a fantasy, on the other hand, the elf would simply stride

Jessica Foy. Othello Essay. English Iii. 14 February 2017.

Jessica Foy Othello Essay English III 14 February 2017 Emilia Essay Character development is seen in almost every character in the play Othello. Most of the characters are seen tumbling in a downwards spiral of their former self; while other characters are seen becoming more powerful due to the loss of power from the people above them. One of the characters that developed from her superior’s weaknesses is Iago’s wife, Emilia. Emilia spends most of her time with Othello’s wife, Desdemona. Most of their conversation surrounds the topics of gender roles in society and in their relationships. Desdemona’s insecurity in her relationship leads Emilia to find her own voice in order to defend her friend. Shakespeare utilizes†¦show more content†¦Although Iago shoots her down; the fact that she even questioned him, shows change between Act I Emilia and Act III Emilia. Although Emilia gave her husband the handkerchief he so very much desired for his love; she still wondered what he had in store for her friend, Desdemona. In Act IV, Othello hits Desdemona and they both continue in a downward spiral. At this time, Emilia and Desdemona are really good friends and the audience sees a switch between the two. The outspoken Desdemona is now a reserved housewife; and the reserved Emilia is now the outspoken confidant that Desdemona relies on. She believes that her friend does not deserve the treatment that has been served to her; so she speaks out on her problems reversing the roles placed on them both. As Desdemona begins to settle into the housewife settings, she calls upon Iago and Emilia recalls most of the event to her husband herself. Throughout the conversation, she even brings up something she was too afraid to do so earlier: Iago’s accusations that â€Å"made you to suspect me with the Moor.†(IV.ii.173). Emilia has completely changed to a woman with an unfiltered speech; through the heat she gained from her anger at Othello for hurting her friend mentally and physically, she accounted some of her own relationship problems. Admitting her own problems made it easier for her to betray her

Roman Collusiums Essay Example For Students

Roman Collusiums Essay Architecture of the ancient Roman Empire is considered one of the mostimpressive of all time. The city of Rome once was home to more than one millionresidents in the early centuries AD1. The Romans had a fine selection ofbuilding monuments in the city of Rome including the forums for civic services,temples of worship, and amphitheaters for recreation and play. The Romans madegreat use and pioneered great architecture mechanisms including arches, columns,and even mechanical elements in pulleys and early elevators. However, when onetends to think of great buildings, one building stands out in Rome. Thisbuilding is the Flavian Amphitheatre, or better known as the Colosseum. Whendiscussing such a great monument such as the Colosseum, it is very important torealize the time, place, and culture in wish it stood to fully understand bothits form and function. In the beginnings, Rome was both influenced by theEtruscans of the North and Greeks of Italy and South but had its basic rootsfrom a l ong time of Samnite domination2. The Etruscans were that of aninteresting type as described by Peter Quennell: The Etruscanscombined apassionate devotion to the ordinary pleasures of life with a haunting fear ofdeath. They were cruel, too, and deeply superstitioustheir victims wereordered to fight among themselves until the last had fallen. The Etruscans wouldhave a strong impression in Roman lifestyles and philosophies. For example, thepurple robe worn by leaders would be later adopted by the Romans. They also werethe influence which brought gladiatorial battles of sacrifice into the Romanculture. This was a time of blood thirsty humans who loved the site of battle. Even an early christian named Alypius proclaimed that he took away withhim a mad passion which prodded him not only to return (to gladatior events)with those by whom he had first been forced in, but even ahead of them anddragging in others.3 This was a time of paganism, which meant sacrificeand death. Early christians were persecuted for their beliefs in the first fewcenturies. Clearly in Rome, the focus was not only on religion or the emporer,but we have a focus on leisure and activities. It is said that of athree-hundred and sixty-five day year that one-hundred and fifty days werecelebrated as regular holidays, with over ninety days given up to games4. Thistype of lifestyle would dominate the cities and architecture of the Romans forsome time to come. The people of Rome enjoyed theatres, battles, races, baths,comical events, and of course the game of death. There were many forums,temples, and many amphitheaters in the history of Rome, however only a few standout even today. The Col osseum is the greatest standing building of Rome, and oneof the most recognized worldwide architectural achievements to this day. Theamphitheater is a type of architecture that was without Greek precedents. Thismakes sense since its primary purpose was to hold gladitiator fights and brutalshows which were banned in Athens at the time. Such events held in Romanamphitheaters were horseracing, gymnastics, mock cavalry battles, footraces,prizefighting, wrestling, fights between animals, between men, animals and men,and even naumachiae, or mock sea battles5. One of the first amphitheaters wasthe Pompeian amphitheater of Pompeii of 30 BC. Like the Colosseum, it was ovalin plan. It was supported on great masses of solid earth pierced by a broadcorridor at each end. Stone seats were added at one time but most spectators saton the earth or wooden chairs. Although this amphitheater was a greatinnovation, it would be eclipsed by the Flavian Amphitheater, better known asthe Colosseum. The great building although fitting and plain in design to itssurroundings of Rome still stood out due to its sheer monstrosity and ovalshape. Although the site viewed today is still a marvel, back in the days of itsprime it was a spectacular site that would be difficult to apprehend with onlywordsTVK1. TVK2 The city which held the great structure was full of greatexamples of the use of arches, columns from every order, and of course sheersize. When traveling the city to the Colosseum the whole area had been paved andrailed off. The approach was taken by cobbled slabs of lava, and then oneentered an area paved with travertine more than five thousand feet wide andsurrounded by huge boundary stones6. To a spectator at the time the Colosseumfrom the outside is described by the romantic poet Johann Wolggang von Goethe:When one looks at it all else seems little; the edifice is so vast, that onecannot hold the image of it in ones soul- in memory we think it smaller, andthen return to it again to f ind it every time greater than before. As one lookedat it from the city, there were many sights to behold, but the Colosseum stoodout 19 centuries ago, and still does to this date. At the end of the EmperorNero and the triumph of the Flavians every effort was made to forget the timesof the Julio-Claudians (of which Julius Caesars family) and move to newertimes. The focus of arhictecture and buildings shifted from the emperorscreations to the publics buildings. The next prominent emperor was Vespasian. His first contribution to the public was an enormous forum with a temple ofPeace in it.7 His greatest feat was the beginning of the construction of theColosseum for games purposes around 72 AD. Titus succeeded theever-joking Vespasian and completed his fathers dream around 79-80 AD. Thededication of the Colesseum was a lavish gladiator show that lasted for exactlyone-hundred days in which over nine thousand animals were killed.8 A typical dayat the Colesseum show usually started with a bloodless comic relief battle,often times with dwarfs, women, or cripples battling with wooden objects. A tubawould sound and the main events would begin. The gladiator fights were the mostpopular and prominent fights. These featured two highly trained men battling forcourage, strength, and dignity. They would often rather take a blow and standstrong than wimper and run in defense. The people were in love with gladiatorsmuch like todays sport heroes. It is written that famous women would even leavethei r husbands for famous gladiators which were known to be very scarred andugly by Roman standards.9 The gladiator fight was a ruthless blood-riddenspectacle which usually ended in death by the loser who begged for mercy and waschosen to die by the present emperor or crowd cheers of 45,000 hysterical fans. Propaganda In Art EssayIt was designed purely for the benefit of the audience, to keep them calm andcontent as the violent spectacle unfolded below. It was a roof. The roof of theColleseum was one that was retractable and much like a sailor. So much in fact,sailors who lived in a nearby town managed the velarium, or colored awning. Thiswas a remarkable feat considering that most stadiums now days are still notfully enclosed (such as the Cowboys stadium). The use of the corbels on theuppermost deck and the use of a pulley system brought about this feat ofingenious. Some archeologists thought that the roof was non-existent or was aweb of ropes, but it is now believed to be made from masts and pulleys. Themasts would hold horizontal masts on which to pull the awning over. It isbelieved that it did not cover the whole structure, but at least the mostimportant seatings of the emperor for the whole day.14 Hebrew prisoners andslaves of the time employed the building of the Colesseum. All the details ofthe actual construction are unknown, but it is based upon a barrel-vaultedscheme that circles around. The builders used tavertine blocks to construct aframework of piers, arches, and linked walls and vaults. The cement posts godeep into the ground to support the great weight. The lower level vaults wereconstructed of tufa or pumice. On the upper floors the walls were built withbrick and concrete (utilizing volcanic sand to dry). Travertine was used tosurround the outside and was held in place by iron clamps. 15 The experience ofbeing outside the Colosseum was plain except for the added statues. The outsideof the building was paved with boundaries and roads. One could make out thehundreds of semicircles and arches. The arches increased upwards from Truscan,Doric, and Corinthian columns to the Corinthian Pillars and wall of the fourthdeck. The outside was a brilliant travertine that must have been a spectacularsight. Next to the building one would feel he is nothing but a little gnatcompared to the great building. To get inside one must enter their gate, andproceed up the stairway to the designated level much like a modern stadium. Since there were 80 entrances, many people could occupy the great Amphitheater. Inside the Coloseum the arena floor was wooden and covered with sand to soak theblood. There was a great podium made of marble on the sidelines housed thedignitaries. Above that were marble seats for distinguished private citizens. The second held the middle class, the third held slaves and foreigners, and thefourth levels were for women and the poor who sat on wooden seats.16 The greatvelarium was multicolored and must have been a specticle on the inside of theColosseum when raised. This would also shadow and protect the fans from nature. The arches allowed for great ventilation, stability, and passageways to keep thecrowd comfortable all day. On a whole the Colosseum is symbolized by its sizewhich represents the greatness of Rome. The name may be attributed to its size,or some believe to the colossal statue of Nero nicknamed the crownedcolossus that was nearby. With all of the circular motifs used by thearches, and of the building itself, some believe it symbolizes the sun. Thisalso makes sense considering part of the Colosseum was built from the GoldenHouse of Nero, also known as the solar statue, or sun statue. Many symbols usedin the Colosseum were of Pagan descendent. This included the sacrifices, purplerobes, battle-axes, and hammers of the Etruscan Pagans. The cross was erected tocommemorate the early Christians who are believed to have died here (althoughthere is no evidence to support this belief). The great arch beside the Coliseumwas erected in the third century in honor of Constantine, although much of its decoration was pilfered from monuments to other emperors. Since one of thesymbols was of the sun, the arches created natural and splendid light andshadows as shown in the picture. Much poetry has been written of the light,shadows, and even smoke from the arches of the Colosseum. When it was not noonthe light would create long shadows and yet have bright instances whichaccentuate the arches and columns in the bright light. It shows an alternatingnatural pattern of shadows. One of the first natural changes of the Colosseumcame in 320 when lightning struck and damaged the building. In 422 it wasdamaged by an earthquake. However Theodosius II and Valentitian III repaired itonly to be again damaged by an earthquake in 508. After the sixth century thecity of Rome and the Coleseum went downhill because of some devastatingdisasters. Towards the end of the sixth century grass was starting to growrampant at the Colosseum. Arts and Painting

Factors Making Small Communities in Pakistan More Vulnerable to Disasters free essay sample

There is no single definition or explanation of a disaster, as a matter of fact in this modern age of science and technology one could predict the time and place and estimate the damage when a disaster would hit a certain area however only an estimate could be made about the outcome of the dreadful event still all the disasters could not be forecasted. This prediction also has difference in opinion when it comes to interpret the disaster; economists may measure it by calculating the loss of assets, health workers might talk of diseases that might spread after the event, political view might be setting institutions to deal with the event and social view might involve the effects on the society. Pakistan has been at risk to many natural and manmade disasters in the past. History states various events when cyclones, flooding, drought, landslides and earth quakes have hit the country. We will write a custom essay sample on Factors Making Small Communities in Pakistan More Vulnerable to Disasters or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The country is also believed to be one of the most flood prone terrains in South Asia. The floods of 1950, 1992 and 1998 and 2011 have taken various lives and made severe damage to property and assets. Pakistan is also located at seismically active zone making the area vulnerable to extreme consequences. This vulnerability was proven on October 2005 when an earthquake measuring 7. 6 on the rector scale had hit 9 districts in Kheyber Pakhtunkhuwa and Azad Jammu Kashmir killing over 72,000 people and destroying over 4,00,000 houses. Pakistan being an agriculture based country also has fear of droughts. The droughts of 2002 had cost an estimated amount of 2. 5 billion $. Pakistan does not have a lot of reported cyclone hit incidents to stat yet till now roughly fourteen cyclones have been recorded since 1971-2012 which also had damages in a notable amount. When a disaster strikes some area it does not spare any in its way but the most prone and effected people are the ones who belong to small communities. Their segregation and exclusion in to small communities might be due to the false and holistic systems present in our social circles bases on ethnic, religious or class based values in the current society. Further on these segregated segments are marked as poor or minorities. However these small communities are most vulnerable when a disaster strikes. The level of their vulnerability increases in the post disaster scenario. There are many factors behind the vulnerability which have horrific outcomes for these small communities as a result. I would like to discuss on a few factors which in my view point are the important factors and causes of the increased vulnerability of these small communities. Poverty is one of the most fundamental causes which results in increased level of vulnerability of small communities. Their lack of access to resources leads to the lack of capacity in dealing with a disaster. An estimate made in 2005 states that around 22. 6% of the total population lives under the poverty line in the country, further on 40% of the total urban population lives in slums. The economic situation in the country is not very stable and due to this inflation is widespread in the country leading to income volatility. In circumstances where poverty is present in the society at such a high scale, it gets difficult to make ends meet, fighting against a disaster is a question that does not even comes in to the context. Poor construction practices also result in the increase in the vulnerability of the small communities. Due to poverty still in many villages people build their houses out of mud. This is not a strong structure. At the time of a disastrous event such structures can prove not to be very resistant. Similarly in urban areas as mentioned above a large number of people live in slums which are again not a very resilient structure in case of disasters. There are no proper code and conducts devised by the government authorities to tackle with this issue. Such conditions increase the vulnerability of the small groups present in Pakistan. Weak early warning system is a problem present in many developing countries. Pakistan being a developing country also has this problem where due to the lack of resources and technology many disasters cannot be predicted on time. Due to this it gets hard to estimate the damage level and the intensity of the disaster beforehand. It also gets hard to make a relief plan or mitigation strategies to minimize the effects of the disaster. Remoteness and isolation is another factor which is caused by the cultural and social barriers due to which majority of the small communities are effected as they are segregated and isolated from the society. Remoteness can be taken in to two different means one is the social exclusion factor the other can be the nature of their inhabitant area which might geographically be landlocked by nature. In either ways their isolation can be a factor that can lead small communities in to a more vulnerable situation. Infrastructure can also play a role in increasing the vulnerability of small communities. If we take the area of Southern Punjab as in example the area consists of the rural side of the country and agriculture is their main source of employment, the place also has a history of floods related disasters in the past. Due to lack of proper roads etc it might get hard for people to evacuate even if the disaster as been predicted beforehand. The people from strong communities have means of transportation by which they can get to safety with ease on the other hand the poor and small communities don’t get a chance to evacuate from the danger zone. Awareness programs and education about strategies to counter disasters is a phenomenon which is not present in the current society. The floods of 2012 could be held in account as evidence of this acquisition as many of the rural poor were displaced as majority of their assets were destroyed and many lives lost. If people were given proper education about strategies to deal with the disaster as it was an area with high risk the amount of loss might have been reduced. Lack of community participation is also an important factor as due to exclusion, factions are produced in the society due to barriers they do not tend to interact with the weaker segments of the society. Their lack of communication and participation creates a divide and due to which the vulnerability is increased in the smaller communities at the time of crisis. Limited capacity and coordination between various governmental and nongovernmental agencies. This might occur due to the meager means of resistance available or mismanagement on behalf of the agencies. Corruption also has a role to play in this situation where the rights of the small communities are usurped by the larger or more power full factions of the society. This corruption could give rise to mistrust between the state and non state actors trying to fight against the disaster. As they don’t unite therefore their power is also diminished. Religious/Ethnic biases can also lead to disasters as small minorities are at stake. Due to quarrels and other means of violence threat to their assets and lives increases their vulnerability. Similarly in civil conflicts the small and less powerful communities are the ones which are at the high risk level due to their openness to danger. Rapid Urbanization as societies become more and more modern day by day the process of urbanization also increases. In search of reaching to an industrial society as it brings more and more recourses to increase the level and quality of life it also brings along some negative aspects out of which greed is most prominent. Today man has become so greedy that it does not care that what effects his voyage to success might have on others. Rapid Industrialization is also having its negative effects on the environment which will eventually lead to severe consequences as global warming. At the same time rapid urbanization means the extinction of forests and other natural resources. As majority of the small communities cannot afford to live at the core hence the are pushed to the outer circle of the area where there might be a non availability of basic necessities of lives leading to various epidemics for example due to lack of sanitation facilities or making them live in to disaster prone areas due to deforestation leading to earth quakes, landslides and floods. To conclude I would state that the above mentioned factors are some of many which evolve in our social system. What so ever is the cause of the disaster event either it is manmade, natural in nature it is the small communities which are affected the most. Social, political, armed conflicts, hazards all in total increase the vulnerability of small communities. Steps are to be taken in to account to eradicate this in justice from our society as this may lead to social unrest or may have even more bizarre outcomes on the community as a whole.